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Generationally-Linked Archaeology: “Living-Off-The-Land” for 4,000 Years on the Salish Sea
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Generationally-Linked Archaeology: “Living-Off-The-Land” for 4,000 Years on the Salish Sea

Ed Eugene Carriere and Dale R. Croes
Journal for Northwest Anthropology Memoir 25, Washington State University
2025
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7273/000007133
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Generationally-Linked Archaeology: "Living-Off-The-Land" for 4,000 Years on the Salish SeaView
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A Test: The GAA Approach Evaluated View
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Book details tribal use of resources on Suquamish landView

Abstract

Zooarchaeology Ethnoarchaeology Traditional Ecological Knowledge Generationally-Linked Archaeology Generationally-Linked Ecological Knowledge Traditional Knowledge and Ethnobiology Pacific Northwest Archaeology Fauna Flora Wetland Archaeology Archaeology of Washington State Archaeology Ethnography
Generationally-Linked Archaeology: “Living-Off-The-Land” for 4,000 Years on the Salish Sea adds an innovative, easy to read, test of the author’s far-reaching Generationally-Linked Archaeology (GLA) approach, first developed with over 4,000 years of ancient Coast Salish basketry traditions (Carriere and Croes 2018), and now evaluated with Ed’s early use of 44 natural resources and evidence from over 4,000 years of hunting, fishing, and gathering from archaeological sites within 20 miles of his home. Since Ed was raised by his Great Grandmother Julia Jacobs (born 1874) they essentially “lived-off-the-land” using what anthropologist term their Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) with all the native resources to support themselves: shellfish, fish, ducks, mammals and berry crops. Dale and Ed compare these practices with the archaeological fauna/flora analyses near his home allotment lands, including sites in the Seattle Washington area, for 4,000+ years. The results support their GLA basketry style linkage through time, upholding the hypothesis of cultural continuity and sustainability of Coast Salish subsistence, a process they term Generationally-Link Ecological Knowledge (G-LEK), with similar resource use frequencies through these four millennium and two hundred generations of Coast Salish Peoples. Through Ed’s description of 44 natural resources, they provide information not preserved archaeologically: resource behaviors, capture techniques, preparation procedures, cooking, taste, and storage practices. The book is jargon-free and accessible to readers who do not necessarily have training in cultural anthropology or archaeology. Over 200 color photographs and illustrations of the 44 natural resources that Ed used and Dale’s archaeological wet and shell midden sites greatly enhance the text.

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