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Open Access CC BY-NC V4.0
Journal article
Evaluation of BoteGHA ES, NoFly, and Warhammer, as Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), larvicide, 2025
Arthropod management tests, Vol.51(1), p.37
01/07/2026
Abstract
This study assessed BoteGHA ES, NoFly, and Warhammer effects on CM larval mortality. During summer 2024, cardboard bands were wrapped around apple tree trunks at 15 to 45 cm above ground in mixed apple orchards in Central Washington. Bands were held at 3 to 4 °C in cold storage during fall 2024 until spring 2025, when they were removed. Larvae, removed from bands and kept at 4 °C to maintain diapause and viability, were used for each treatment. Larvae (n = 30/ treatment) were individually dipped into the assigned treatment suspension for approximately one second, ensuring complete body coverage, and then placed individually into 35 × 10 mm petri dishes without blotting or drying. Suspensions consisted of either BoteGHA ES (1.25 ml/500 ml), NoFly (1.2 g/500 ml), Warhammer (0.47 ml/500 ml), or sterile distilled water as an untreated check (Table 1). Treated larvae were maintained in a controlled grow room at 23 to 26 °C (74 to 80°F), 35% to 40% relative humidity, and a 16:8 h L:D cycle. Observations were conducted daily during the first 7 d post-exposure, then weekly until 28 d post-exposure. Larvae were categorized as alive, moribund (appearing near dead), or dead. Pairwise differences in survival among treatments were assessed using Holm-adjusted pairwise log-rank tests. Survival probabilities among treatments were calculated using Kaplan–Meier estimates. To quantify treatment effects on time to death, para-metric survival models were fitted using an accelerated failure time with a Weibull distribution. Acceleration factors were calculated by exponentiating model coefficients. Acceleration factors <1 indicate reduced time to death relative to the untreated check (ie faster mortality), whereas values >1 indicate prolonged survival.
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Details
- Title
- Evaluation of BoteGHA ES, NoFly, and Warhammer, as Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), larvicide, 2025
- Creators
- César Reyes CorralMario N Luppino - Washington Tree Fruit Research CommissionMax A S Young - Washington Tree Fruit Research CommissionAidyn A Ruf - Washington Tree Fruit Research CommissionRobert B Macciato - Washington Tree Fruit Research CommissionR T Curtiss - Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission
- Publication Details
- Arthropod management tests, Vol.51(1), p.37
- Academic Unit
- Department of Entomology
- Identifiers
- 99901387192401842
- Language
- English
- Resource Type
- Journal article